Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xiii Prologue xv I On the Nature of Classifications of Musical Instruments 1 1 Any Classification Is Superior to Chaos 3 2 On the Methodology of Classification: Taxonomiesy Keys} Paradigms and Typologies 16 3 Cognitive Directions: Downward and Upward Grouping 25 II Classification in Societies Oriented toward Literary Transmission 33 4 Continuities and Change in Chinese Classifications 37 5 Indian and Srilankan Classifications from Ancient to Modem Times 55 6 The Priority of Musical over Religious Characters in Grouping Tibetan Monastic Instruments 75 7 The Case of Java—Classifications in Oral Tradition and the Recent Development of Literary Schemes 84 8 Greek Taxonomical Thought from Archaic to Hellenistic Times 108 9 National Identity and Other Themes of Classification in the Arab World 122 10 European Classifications from Medieval Times to the Eighteenth Century 135 11 The Expanding Concept of Instruments in the West during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 162 12 Upward Classification of Instruments: The Method of the Future? 198 Contents III Classification in Societies Oriented toward Oral Transmission 211 13 Parallels between Social Structure and Ensemble Classification in Mandailinpf 215 14 Taxonomical Models of the Instrumentarium and Regional Ensembles in Minangkabau 225 15 Groupings Governed by Key Cultural Concepts of the T’boli 235 16 The Personification of Instruments in Some West African Classifications 241 17 Cognitive Categoriesy Paradigms, and Taxonomies among the Artare 254 18 ? Finnish-Karelian Taxonomy as a Historiographical Tool 262 Epilogue: The Seamless Web 271 Notes 285 Bibliography 303 Glossary of Terms Used in Classification Theory 318 Index 322